Social Issues in Hedda Gabler Essay -- Hedda Gabler Essays

Social Issues in Hedda Gabler It has been recommended that Hedda Gabler is a show about the individual mind - an insignificant character study. It has even been composed that Hedda Gabler presents no social subject (Shipley 333). In actuality, I have discovered social issues and topics plentiful in this work. The character of Hedda Gabler bases on society and social issues. Her high social status is shown from the earliest starting point, as Miss Tesman says of Hedda, General Gabler's little girl. What a real existence she had in the general's day! (Ibsen 672). Upon Hedda's first appearance, she offers numerous affected comments. To start with, she disapproves of George's unique high quality shoes. Later she affronts Aunt Julie's new cap, claiming to confuse it with the maid's. Hedda appears to hate everything about George Tesman and his bourgeoisie presence. She requests considerably more class than he has had the option to give her, for she was the excellent, enchanting little girl of General Gabler and merited only the best. As the character of Hedda Gabler creates, the peruser discovers that she has just hitched George Tesman on the grounds that her dad's dying left her no critical money related assets, only a decent legacy. She advises Brack of her choice to wed Tesman: I truly had moved myself out, Judge. My time was up. ... Furthermore, George Tesman - he is after each of the an altogether adequate decision. ... Every possibility in time he could in any case become famous. ...It was absolutely more than my different admirers were happy to accomplish for me, Judge. (Ibsen 684). Hedda required somebody to help her monetarily, and George Tesman was the main OK man to propose to her. She had to cross underneath her social class and wed this ordinary person in the expectations that he would become famous as an educator. With respect to adore everlasting, Hedda disgustedly remarks to Judge Brack, Ugh - don't utilize that sweet word! Rather than having become a cheerful love bird who has discovered genuine affection, Hedda is caught in a marriage of accommodation (Shipley 445). Hedda was raised a woman of the privileged, and as such she respects her excellence with high regard. This is, to a limited extent, the explanation she fervently denies the pregnancy for such a long time. A pregnancy will drive her to put on weight and lose her beautiful womanly figure. Hedda has become used to her numerous admirers; consequently, Hedda is ... ... In conclusion, the tile itself speaks to the social topic of the dramatization. In utilizing the name Hedda Gabler, in spite of her union with George Tesman, Ibsen has passed on to the peruser the significance of social class. Hedda wants to recognize herself as the little girl of General Gabler, not the spouse of George Tesman. All through the play she dismisses Tesman and his white collar class ways of life, sticking to the respectable past with which her dad gave her. This way of life as the girl of the respectable General Gabler is emphatically inferred in the title, Hedda Gabler. In thinking about the numerous ramifications of the social issues as clarified above, it can not be denied that the very subject of Hedda Gabler fixates on social issues. Hedda Gabler is ...in a roundabout way a social illustration (Setterquist 166). Works Cited 1. Ibsen, Henrik. Hedda Gabler. The Bedford Introduction to Drama. Ed. Lee A. Jacobus. third ed. Boston: Bedford Books, 1996. 672-709. 2. Setterquist, Jan. Ibsen and the Beginnings of Anglo-Irish Drama. New York: Gordian Press, 1974. 46 - 49, 58 - 59, 82 - 93, 154 - 166. 3. Shipley, Joseph T. The Crown Guide to the World's Great Plays. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1984. 332 - 333.

Smart Transport System Based Upon Autonomous Road Vehicles

Savvy Transport System Based Upon Autonomous Road Vehicles Presentation Individuals have a high dependence on vehicle for their day by day travel to work, shopping, visit and numerous different spots [1]. Over half of universes populace lives in urban areas and more vehicles are out and about messing clog up and mishaps. Along these lines, there is a requirement for progressively sheltered and effective methods for transportation. The new innovations are supplanting decade old transportation structures and administrators with computerization and robotization. Shrewd Transportation System (ITS) is a creative strategy that uses sensors developments, man-made brainpower, and human administration together which will assist the self-ruling vehicle with driving without human mediation [2]. Self-governing vehicles will be seen soon on our streets speaking with close by vehicles and caution each other by understanding the conditions ahead. Numerous vehicles, for instance, the Tesla Model S and the Volvo XC90 has just begun including impelled self-driving limits, and this is required to increment in coming years [3]. In this paper two use case situations of self-sufficient vehicles are talked about. The main use case examines about a self-sufficient vehicle valet leaving. Leaving a vehicle is considered as one of the troublesome errand in driving. This incorporates finding the stopping space and park without impact. The proposed framework will permit the driver to leave the vehicle when he/she arrives at the goal and the vehicle will leave itself in a leaving space. The subsequent use case talks about a self-sufficient vehicle that can drive without human intercession in an obscure situation. The utilization cases included are deterrent evasion, in reverse moving and surpassing. 2.USE CASE SCENARIOS 2.1 AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE VALET PARKING The quantity of vehicles on street is expanding quickly messing blockage up and contaminations. One of the principle purposes behind this is absence of vehicle leaving and time devoured to discover the leaving openings. This paper talks about the driving and leaving of a self-sufficient vehicle to a vehicle leaving space without human mediation. A self-sufficient valet leaving will permit the driver to leave the vehicle when he/she arrives at the goal and will leave the vehicle in a leaving opening. The sensors will detect snags in its manner and will control around them to stay away from impact. It will likewise advise the driver in the wake of stopping and bolting the entryway naturally through an application. The proposed framework will help the driver who is in a rush to go to a gathering or watch film, who doesnt need his/her an opportunity to squander checking for stopping territory and to drive and park there. There are three frameworks in the vehicle for the self-ruling vehicle valet leaving [6]. (I) Server System The server framework will create the distinctive driving way to the closest stopping opening and will give it to the driver through the versatile application. The driver can choose the favored way and vehicle will pass through that way. (ii) Mobile System The driver will have the option to screen the vehicle and check whether it is finding any trouble to arrive at the leaving opening. The vehicle will likewise inform the driver once when it has arrived at the leaving opening. (iii) Vehicle Control System The control framework will produce the control signals, for example, guiding control, gear change, brakes and speed control required for the development of the vehicle through the gave way. It ought to likewise produce control signs to enable the vehicle to leave in the gave space. Figure 1: Autonomous vehicle leaving framework 2.1.1 DESIGN ANALYSIS AND ALGORITHM 2.1.1.a. Stopping SLOT SELECTION When the driver has arrived at the goal the driver should demand for the closest stopping and hold the stopping opening. The calculation for this is appeared in figure 1.1 [6]. Stage 1: Driver demand for the stopping direction. The stopping space accessibility in the parking structure ought to be refreshed each time in the information base. The leaving opening can recognize whether it is busy with vehicle or not by utilizing an IR sensor in the leaving space. The IR sensors will be associated with small scale controllers. The microcontrollers will impart to the focal server framework utilizing ESP8266 which contains the information base of the stopping space accessibility. ESP8266 is an ease Wi-Fi chip which will give smaller scale controller access to speak with the Wi-Fi arrange. Alongside the quantity of free parking areas, stopping cost in various parking structure will likewise be put away in the database. The leaving direction is mentioned by the driver utilizing the route framework which will be installed with sim cards inside the vehicle. BMW as of now have sim card implanted vehicles [8]. There will be GPS module inside the route framework which will give the present area of the vehicle. This area of the vehicle, will assist with finding the closest leaving offices close to it. The separation and time to arrive at each parking structure are determined by the as of now modified route gadget. It will likewise give the stopping admission to each parking structure. The driver would then be able to choose the proper stopping space dependent on his comfort. Stage 2: Reserve the stopping opening When the leaving space has been chosen by the driver, it ought to be saved in any case there are chances for the leaving opening to be involved by some other vehicle before the vehicle arrives at the chose opening. The focal server framework ought to be refreshed once the driver has held stopping space. The booking ought to be finished utilizing the number plate of the vehicle. Some of the time, there may be more than one reservation demand for a similar stopping space at the equivalent. In this way, there are opportunities to get the booking declined for different clients. All things considered the driver can choose another stopping space. The vehicle can likewise go to the leaving space without reservation too. In any case, there will be a danger of the leaving opening to be involved before the vehicle shows up the leaving space. Stage 3: Start the route to the stopping space. When the leaving opening has been chosen by the driver, he/she can leave the vehicle and the vehicle will explore to the chose leaving space. Figure 1.1. Calculation for stopping opening determination 2.1.1.b. Stopping PATH FOLLOWING When the leaving opening has been chosen the following stage is to control the vehicle to the leaving space. In this paper [6], a diagram information structure is utilized, which will produce driving way utilizing 4D kinematics (I, j, Þâ ¸, R). The I and j speaks to the middle co-ordinates of the vehicle and Þâ ¸ is the heading point estimation of the vehicle. To evade the deterrents while following the way to the stopping space laser scanner sensors (LMS15) are utilized. These sensors can see the hindrances inside 40 m separation and a rakish scope of 0-1900. The sensors are fitted on the two sides in the front and back side of the vehicle. The hindrance shirking way is produced by the server framework. The figure 1.3. [6] shows the obstruction identifying and dodging way. Figure 1.3. Obstruction recognizing and maintaining a strategic distance from way [6] The way produced by the server framework comprises of area of the vehicle and its heading point esteem (Þâ ¸). The vehicle control framework will produce signs to control the directing of the vehicle relying upon the heading edge worth and area of the vehicle. The guiding edge ought to be determined for this. The recipe for directing point is appeared beneath [6]. Þâ ¸s = Þâ ¸3 Þâ ¸2 Â ­-Þâ ¸1â â â â â â â â â â â â â Â â â â â â â â â â â â â 2 Þâ ¸s = Steering angleãžâ ¸3 = sidelong blunder edge of vehicle locationâ â â Þâ ¸2 = look-ahead way point heading angleâ â â â â â â â â â â â â Þâ ¸1 = vehicle heading edge Figure 1.4. [6] shows the driving way followed by the vehicle and the area of the vehicle. Figure 1.4. Driving way followed by the vehicle [6] The speed will likewise be constrained by the control framework. The speed will be diminished to 8 km/hr once the vehicle has entered the parking structure. The vehicle will be informed when it arrives at the parking structure by the GPS module introduced in the route framework. The laser scanner sensors can distinguish the moving hindrances too. At the point when the vehicle has distinguished the moving item (for example person on foot) it will stop and hold up until it has gone across the street. 2.1.1.c. Stopping AT THE SELECTED PARKING SLOT The following stage in the wake of arriving at the stopping space is the stopping at the chose opening. The vehicle control frameworks comprise of two levels [7]. 1. Low level control Low level control is the control of movement which incorporates guiding wheels control, speed control and moving in a proposed separation. 2. Elevated level control High level control is PC vision based control. A direction way is shaped indicating the vehicle bearing to leave it in the chose opening. To portray the vehicle leaving, bi-cycle model is utilized [7]. This model is normally used to depict four wheeled vehicles. Back drive wheel of this model can't be turned. To control the vehicle development the front wheel will be pivoted about the vertical hub following the direction way. It is accepted that the vehicle is proceeding onward a level and level surface. Figure 1.5. Bi-cycle model of four wheeled vehicles The figure 1.5. shows the bi-cycle model of four wheeled vehicles [7]. The co ordinate framework is spoken to as V, where x and y speak to the co-ordinate focuses in that framework. L= separation between the front and back wheels Þâ ³ = controlling edge Þâ ¸ = point among xv and x v = speed of the vehicle ICR quick focus of revolution of the vehicle Leaving of the vehicle should be possible in two different ways. [7] 1.Parallel stopping technique. 2.Perpendicular stopping technique. Equal stopping technique An exact way ought to be created to limit the stopping region. The vehicle should move along two circular segments made by the significant level control without straight-line area between them. A greatest rotational point of the controlling wh

A Tribute to Tony Buzan, the Inventor of Mind Maps - Focus

A Tribute to Tony Buzan, the Inventor of Mind Maps - Focus Tony Buzan, the inventor of mind maps, has died. With his boundless energy and enthusiasm, he helped millions of people around the world to structure their thoughts, reach their learning goals, and unleash their creativity. Visual thinking, graphical representations and the process of creating diagrams can be traced as far back as the 3rd century BC. But it wasnt until the British researcher Tony Buzan came along that it really took off. Buzan single-handedly popularized the concept of mind mapping that so many rely on today. He dedicated his life to traveling the world and educating people on the value of the visual thinking technique that he had developed during his time at university in the 1960s. He hosted a television show and authored more than 80 books. He was even nominated for two Nobel prizes. With his lifes work he shaped the way millions of people around the globe process, analyze and structure information. His contribution to the world of visual thinking is immeasurable and we are forever grateful. Without him, we wouldn’t be where we are today. We can truly say that he is gone but will never be forgotten. His memory will continue to live on through his work. And on that note, wed like to say: Thank you for the mind maps, Tony. Learning how to learn is lifes most important skill.Tony Buzan © iMindMap To learn more about Tony Buzan and his work, please visit www.tonybuzan.com. A Tribute to Tony Buzan, the Inventor of Mind Maps - Focus Tony Buzan, the inventor of mind maps, has died. With his boundless energy and enthusiasm, he helped millions of people around the world to structure their thoughts, reach their learning goals, and unleash their creativity. Visual thinking, graphical representations and the process of creating diagrams can be traced as far back as the 3rd century BC. But it wasnt until the British researcher Tony Buzan came along that it really took off. Buzan single-handedly popularized the concept of mind mapping that so many rely on today. He dedicated his life to traveling the world and educating people on the value of the visual thinking technique that he had developed during his time at university in the 1960s. He hosted a television show and authored more than 80 books. He was even nominated for two Nobel prizes. With his lifes work he shaped the way millions of people around the globe process, analyze and structure information. His contribution to the world of visual thinking is immeasurable and we are forever grateful. Without him, we wouldn’t be where we are today. We can truly say that he is gone but will never be forgotten. His memory will continue to live on through his work. And on that note, wed like to say: Thank you for the mind maps, Tony. Learning how to learn is lifes most important skill.Tony Buzan © iMindMap To learn more about Tony Buzan and his work, please visit www.tonybuzan.com.

Masculine and Feminine Norms and Gender Identity Essay

Throughout today’s society, almost every aspect of someone’s day is based whether or not he or she fits into the â€Å"norm† that has been created. Specifically, masculine and feminine norms have a great impact that force people to question â€Å"am I a true man or woman?† After doing substantial research on the basis of masculine or feminine norms, it is clear that society focuses on the males being the dominant figures. If males are not fulfilling the masculine role, and females aren’t playing their role, then their gender identity becomes foggy, according to their personal judgment, as well as society’s. Norms in society do not just come about randomly in one’s life, they start once a child is born. To emphasize, directly from infancy, children†¦show more content†¦In addition, a study was done on children ages 4, 6, and 8 to test flexibility about gender and parental influences. Assessments were focused around gender constancy, judgments about gender norms; results showed that younger children were more rigid than older children, showing parental influence is present (Cyphers, Lisa)(Conry-Murray, Clare). Society also depicts the masculinity is defined by strength, and that women cant handle as much. A study conducted focused on the aspect of pain tolerance in comparison to men and women conforming to the norms, believing that men are stronger; two studies were performed. The first study tested pain tolerance strictly based on using a hypothetical pain stimulus; scientists wanted to prove that people know and encourage norms on pain tolerance. The second study was done to observe knowledge about pain, and tolerance behavior. It required actual stimulus to be taken place on the participants; they experienced electrical impulses at different intensities. 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USS Lexington World War Aircraft Carrier CV-2

Authorized in 1916, the US Navy intended USS Lexington to be the lead ship of a new class of battlecruisers. Following the United States entry into World War I, the development of the ship halted as the US Navys need for more destroyers and convoy escort vessels precluded that for a new capital ship. With the conflicts conclusion, Lexington was finally laid down at the Fore River Ship and Engine Building Company in Quincy, MA on January 8, 1921. As workers constructed the ships hull, leaders from around the world met at the Washington Naval Conference. This disarmament meeting called for tonnage limitations to be placed on the navies of the United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy. As the meeting progressed, work on Lexington was suspended in February 1922 with the ship 24.2% complete. With the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty, the US Navy elected to re-classify Lexington and completed the ship as an aircraft carrier. This aided the service in meeting the new tonnage restrictions set in place by the treaty. As the bulk of the hull was complete, the US Navy elected to retain the battlecruiser armor and torpedo protection as it would have been too expensive to remove. Workers then installed an 866-foot flight deck on the hull along with an island and large funnel. Since the concept of the aircraft carrier was still new, the Bureau of Construction and Repair insisted that the ship mount an armament of eight 8 guns to support its 78 aircraft. These were mounted in four twin turrets fore and aft of the island. Though a single aircraft catapult was installed in the bow, it was seldom used during the ships career. Launched on October 3, 1925, Lexington was completed two years later and entered commission on December 14, 1927, with Captain Albert Marshall in command. This was a month after its sister ship, USS Saratoga (CV-3) joined the fleet. Together, the ships were first large carriers to serve in the US Navy and the second and third carriers after USS Langley. After conducting fitting out and shakedown cruises in the Atlantic, Lexington transferred to the US Pacific Fleet in April 1928. The following year, the carrier took part in Fleet Problem IX as part of the Scouting Force and failed to defend the Panama Canal from Saratoga. Interwar Years Late in 1929, Lexington fulfilled an unusual role for a month when its generators provided power to the city of Tacoma, WA after a drought disabled the citys hydro-electric plant. Returning to more normal operations, Lexington spent the next two years taking part in various fleet problems and maneuvers. During this time, it was commanded by Captain Ernest J. King, the future Chief of Naval Operations during World War II. In February 1932, Lexington and Saratoga operated in tandem and mounted a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor during Grand Joint Exercise No. 4. In a harbinger of things to come, the attack was ruled a success. This feat was repeated by the ships during exercises the following January. Continuing to take part in various training problems over the next several years, Lexington played a key role in developing carrier tactics and developing new methods of underway replenishment. In July 1937, the carrier aided in the search for Amelia Earhart after her disappearance in the South Pacific. World War II Approaches In 1938, Lexington and Saratoga mounted another successful raid on Pearl Harbor during that years Fleet Problem. With tensions rising with Japan two years later, Lexington and the US Pacific Fleet were ordered to remain in Hawaiian waters after exercises in 1940. Pearl Harbor was made the fleets permanent base the following February. Late in 1941, Admiral Husband Kimmel, the Commander-in-Chief of the US Pacific Fleet, directed Lexington to ferry US Marine Corps aircraft to reinforce the base on Midway Island. Departing on December 5, the carriers Task Force 12 was 500 miles southeast of its destination two days later when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. Abandoning its original mission, Lexington began an immediate search for the enemy fleet while moving to rendezvous with warships steaming out from Hawaii. Remaining at sea for several days, Lexington was unable to locate the Japanese and returned to Pearl Harbor on December 13. Raiding in the Pacific Quickly ordered back to sea as part of Task Force 11, Lexington moved to attack Jaluit in the Marshall Islands in an effort to divert Japanese attention from the relief of Wake Island. This mission was soon canceled and the carrier returned to Hawaii. After conducting patrols in the vicinity of Johnston Atoll and Christmas Island in January, the new leader the US Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, directed Lexington to join with the ANZAC Squadron in the Coral Sea to protect the sea lanes between Australia and the United States. In this role, Vice Admiral Wilson Brown sought to mount a surprise attack on the Japanese base at Rabaul. This was aborted after his ships were discovered by enemy aircraft. Attacked by a force of Mitsubishi G4M Betty bombers on February 20, Lexington survived the raid unscathed. Still desiring to strike at Rabaul, Wilson requested reinforcements from Nimitz. In response, Rear Admiral Frank Jack Fletchers Task Force 17, containing the carrier USS Yorkt own, arrived in early March. As the combined forces moved towards Rabaul, Brown learned on March 8 that the Japanese fleet was off Lae and Salamaua, New Guinea after supporting the landing of troops in that region. Altering the plan, he instead launched a large raid from the Gulf of Papua against the enemy ships. Flying over the Owen Stanley Mountains, F4F Wildcats, SBD Dauntlesses, and TBD Devastators from Lexington and Yorktown attacked on March 10. In the raid, they sank three enemy transports and damaged several other vessels. In the wake of the attack, Lexington received orders to return to Pearl Harbor. Arriving on March 26, the carrier began an overhaul which saw the removal of its 8 guns and addition of new anti-aircraft batteries. With the completion of the work, Rear Admiral Aubrey Fitch assumed command of TF 11 and began training exercises near Palmyra Atoll and Christmas Island. Loss at Coral Sea On April 18, the training maneuvers were ended and Fitch received orders to rendezvous with Fletchers TF 17 north of New Caledonia. Alerted to the Japanese naval advance against Port Moresby, New Guinea, the combined Allied forces moved into the Coral Sea in early May. On May 7, after searching for each other for a few days, the two sides began to locate opposing vessels. While Japanese aircraft attacked the destroyer USS Sims and oiler USS Neosho, aircraft from Lexington and Yorktown sank the light carrier Shoho. After the strike on the Japanese carrier, Lexingtons Lieutenant Commander Robert E. Dixon famously radioed, Scratch one flat top! Fighting resumed the next day as American aircraft attacked the Japanese carriers Shokaku and Zuikaku. While the former was badly damaged, the latter was able to take cover in a squall. While the American aircraft were attacking, their Japanese counterparts commenced strikes on Lexington and Yorktown. Around 11:20 AM, Lexington sustained two torpedo hits which caused several boilers to be shut down and reduced the ships speed. Listing slightly to port, the carrier then was struck by two bombs. While one hit the port forward 5 ready ammunition locker and started several fires, the other detonated on the ships funnel and caused little structural damage. Working to save the ship, damage control parties began shifting fuel to correct the list and Lexington began recovering aircraft that were low on fuel. In addition, a new combat air patrol was launched. As the situation aboard began to stabilize, a massive explosion occurred at 12:47 PM when gasoline vapors from the ruptured port aviation fuel tanks ignited. Though the explosion destroyed the ships main damage control station, air operations continued and all of the surviving aircraft from the mornings strike were recovered by 2:14 PM. At 2:42 PM another major explosion tore through the forward part of the ship igniting fires on the hanger deck and leading to a power failure. Though assisted by three destroyers, Lexingtons damage control teams were overwhelmed when a third explosion occurred at 3:25 PM which cut off water pressure to the hanger deck. With the carrier dead in the water, Captain Frederick Sherman ordered the wounded to be evacuated and at 5:07 PM directed the crew to abandon ship. Remaining aboard until the last of the crew had been rescued, Sherman departed at 6:30 PM. All told, 2,770 men were taken from the burning Lexington. With the carrier burning and wracked by further explosions, the destroyer USS Phelps was ordered to sink Lexington. Firing two torpedoes, the destroyer succeeded as the carrier rolled to port and sank. Following Lexingtons loss, workers at the Fore River Yard asked Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox to rename the Essex-class carrier then under construction at Quincy in honor of the lost carrier. He agreed, the new carrier became USS Lexington (CV-16). USS Lexington (CV-2) Fast Facts Nation: United StatesType: Aircraft CarrierShipyard: Fore River Ship and Engine Building Company, Quincy, MALaid Down: January 8, 1921Launched: October 3, 1925Commissioned: December 14, 1927Fate: Lost to enemy action, May 8, 1942 Specifications Displacement: 37,000 tonsLength: 888 ft.Beam: 107 ft., 6 in.Draft: 32 ft.Propulsion: 4 sets of turbo-electric drive, 16 water-tube boilers, 4 Ãâ€" screwsSpeed: 33.25 knotsRange: 12,000 nautical miles at 14 knotsComplement: 2,791 men Armament (as built) 4 Ãâ€" twin 8-in. guns, 12 Ãâ€" single 5-in. guns Aircraft (as built) 78 aircraft Sources DANFS: USS Lexington (CV-2)Military Factory: USS Lexington (CV-2)US Carriers: USS Lexington (CV-2)

Stretching and Activity Free Essays

* Copy and answer the following questions in a word processing document. * Be sure to save the assignment document to your Personal Fitness folder. * Be sure to save your work as 2_04. We will write a custom essay sample on Stretching and Activity or any similar topic only for you Order Now rtf. Assignment Questions Part I: Beginning the Activity 1. Choose an activity such as walking, running, aerobics, soccer, basketball, or rollerblading. What exercise activity will you participate in? Running 2. Why is the warm-up phase of your training program important? It will stretch each major muscle group which will be worked during the activity you are preparing for. 3. Why is the cool-down phase of your training program important? Stretch all major muscles; focus on those that will have a large demand placed on them. 4. Identify areas of your body in which you have experienced muscle soreness due to vigorous activity. Legs and arms. Part II: Design a Warm-up for Your Personal Needs For each of the following, describe what you will do to prepare your body for the activity that you selected in Part 1, #1. Aerobic exercise: Light jog, slow cycling, easy jump roping, side shuffles (running sideways without crossing your feet), skipping, and jogging backwards. Stretching (stretch all the major muscle groups used): ? Will involve static (still) stretches and/or dynamic (moving) stretches. * Static stretches involve stretching a muscle group as far as you can, without causing pain. Static stretches should be held thirty seconds for maximum effectiveness. * Dynamic stretches, another safe form of stretching, involves slow movements which stretch the muscle groups. Sport-specific exercise: Activities should mimic the movements you will do in the vigorous activity you are preparing for but are done at a lower level of intensity. Part III: Design a Cool-down for Your Personal Needs For each of the following, describe what you will do for your cool-down for the activity that you have selected. Aerobic activity: A slow jog around a field or court is one of the best ways to cool down. Stretching: Static stretch for 10 minutes after the light jogging, cycling, or walk. Recovery: Use the R. I. C. E. D. procedure to treat any sprains, bruises, or strains. Part IV: Practice What You Designed 1. Practice the warm-up you have designed. 2. Consider how the warm-up/cool-down made you feel. Did it help prepare you for the workout? What changes would you consider making for the next workout? Be prepared to discuss this information with your instructor in your Discussion-Based Assessment. It helped me prepare. I would change nothing. What I already I changed was great enough because of how well it made me feel. Part V: Skills and Performance 1. Think about an activity you participate in and explain how each of the skill-related components of balance, reaction time, agility, coordination, power, and speed can enhance your performance levels in that activity. If all the components are combined then you will get stronger, faster, and healthier. How to cite Stretching and Activity, Essay examples

Dictionary of Media and Communication †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Dictionary of Media and Communication. Answer: Introduction: Moral panic can be best defined as a feeling of fear which is spread amongst a high number of people, which at times, threatens the very wellbeing of the entire society. It is deemed ass a process where a social concern is raised on an issue through the mass media or the so called moral entrepreneurs. The media is particularly deemed as a major player when it comes to the dissemination of the moral resentment and this is true for even such cases where they fail to appear as being engaged in a conscious manner in muckraking or in crusading (Watson Hill, 2012). In the following parts, a discussion has been carried where the role played by the media in the moral panics is elucidated. The thesis statement is that media overplays its role when it comes to the moral panics. And in this regard, the discussion would cover the key points which were made by Stanley Cohen, as he is deemed as a key author in this regard. Also, the discussion would discuss how the media can over play their role by transiting from reporting to being a judge. As per Cohen (2011), the society is, every now and then, faced with periods of moral panic. This is in terms of an episode, a condition, a single person or a group of people being deemed as a threat to the values and interests of the society. The nature of moral is presented in a stereotypical and in a stylised fashion through the mass media, the editors, politicians, bishops and the right thinking people guard the moral barricades and after the socially accredited experts pronounce the solutions pursuant to diagnosis, a way of coping is evolved. Cohen has presented the argument, which is aligned with that of Durkheim, that the folk devils created the moral panics in the society, particularly when the society faces anxiety or crisis time and this is done for reasserting the dominant values. Cohen (2011) has argued, like Durkheim, that when the society goes through the time of crisis and anxiety, in order to reassert the dominant values, the moral panics led to the creation of folk de vils. The presence of the moral panics takes place only when the responses are deemed to be outside the purview and where a threat or danger is posed. And in stirring up such concerns, the media not only played a central role, but also amplified the problem. And the media got so much power that a single minute issue could result in a major hysteria, particularly when it served the interests of a specific group of people, who were concerned regarding a particular social issue, for instance, the crime for the teenagers getting out of control (Macionis Plummer, 2008). The study undertaken by Cohen was so influential, that it led to the identification of a number of folk devils and moral panics. There have been a number of concerns raised by the media with regards to child abuse, AIDS, rapists, drugs, baby battering, mugging, blacks, religions, cults, serial killers, pornography, welfare cheats, militant trade unionism, paedophiles, ritual abuses and religious cults. At times, the main issue before such incidents was identified to being very significant, but in the majority of the other cases, the hysteria created on such issue, was simply blown out of proportion. The example of this has been highlighted by Jenkins (1992), where he stated that even though there were a lot of concerns when it came to serial killers, it had to be regarded that such cases were very rare and the same had low rate in the past hundred years. In order to understand how the moral panic actually works, there is a need to take into consideration how the particular media, i.e ., the television and the newspapers identify the issue as a problem, the manner in which it is presented to the audience and the manner in which such an issue could fit into a specific set of social worries or anxieties. And a number of moral panics are depicted as being a serious threat towards the very basic traditional moral values which are related to the family life. An example of this can be seen in AIDS, which first appeared in the initial parts of 1980s. AIDS was dealt with in a very sensational manner, where it was shown to be a gruesome threat to the traditional sexuality (Macionis Plummer, 2008). It has also been argued by Cohen that the portrayal of events by the media shows a deviant amplification which spirals the issue from out of hand and just spreads the problem. This has led to marginalisation and stigmatisation of the mods and rockers as less tolerant and deviants. The reporting of media in 1960s of the two English youth sub cultures that joined the movements which were named as Mods and Rockers. The gags used to move in their own manner for representing their genre in the public and the media. In order to establish the desire of freedom from the traditional norms, these groups were determined on causing hindrance. The gang war of Mods and Rockers were covered in the media in 1964 in the south coast seaside resorts and this raised eyebrows on the role played by the media. The whole issue was hyped and was also reported in a very negative manner, which led to the whole issue being blown out of proportion and caused the public to be very conscious. The media showed dram atic visuals on the television which showed a lot of violence and showed mugging and breaking of the chemist shops. This resulted in mass panic and created hysteria amongst the general public. This led to the government feeling the overwhelmed and had to deploy a lot of police force to satisfy and calm the general public (Kerry-Ward, 2009). Morely and Kuan-Hsing (2005) quoted Halls work, as he described this as a hegemonic crisis due to the struggle between the populist and popular articulations, which caused a lot of resistance between the power bloc and the people. Australia, as a nation, prides itself on being a multicultural nation. And yet, it has had to face a number of issues when it comes to moral panic and the role of media. It has been argued by Martin (2015) that the national identity of Australia is deeply rooted in certain set of people and this has resulted in anxieties towards the fear of Asian Invasion. This is particularly because of the moral panic created against the asylum seekers, particularly against the Muslim-terrorist-refugee issue, which is construed as a transnational folk devil (Martin, 2015). The role of media in this folk devil can be elucidated through the report of October 2006 which featured in The Australian. In this report, it was reported that the drivers declared jihad on duty fee, and refused to carry such passengers who carried with them alcohol. The story was related to the Minneapolis-St Paul International Airport, which was serviced by 900 taxi drivers, and in which around three quarter people were Somali Muslims. The story being genuine could not be assessed easily. As per a spokesman of the airport, the refusal stemmed from the growth in the customer service issues. And on the other hand of this, the statistics of the airport commission highlighted that from 120,000 taxi rides taken from the airport during the past two months, around 0.02%, i.e., only 27 rides were refused. The story which published was taken in isolation, against a particular group of people, who are already perceived as a threat. And yet, the newspaper failed to report the bullet which was fired in the mosque of Perth where 400 people were worshipping, which missed the children and women narrowly. This story was not only sensational but also local and the failure of the newspaper in reporting the mosque shooting showed the over-play of the role media and even the one sided view it works to present before the audience. And this shows that the Australian, did not work as an unbiased media, and instead contributed in the moral panic and folk devil (Aly, 2011). Thus, it can be effectively summarized that when it comes to the media, they play an over amplified role their reporting and majorly contribute towards the moral panic. The perception which is present between the people, particularly something which is wrong, is shown in a manner which proves the same as being true and even intensifies the entire situation. This has been happening since the media came into being and the case of Mods and Rockers, which took place in 1960s, is just an example of the overplayed role of the media and the contribution of it towards the moral panic. The reporting of the entire Muslim taxi driver incident by the Australian is another example, particularly when it reported an issue which took out of the nation and failed to report the incident which followed, where actually people were injured, just because the second one did not match up to the perception which was a common aspect in Australia. Thus, the thesis statement has been established through the dis cussion in an absolute manner. References Aly, W. (2011). Best of 2011: Muslims, myths and moral panic. Retrieved from: https://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2011/10/06/3334026.htm Cohen, S. (2011). Folk Devils and Moral Panics (3rd ed.). Oxon: Routledge, 1. Jenkins, P. (1992). A Murder Wave? Trends in American Serial Homicide 1940-1990. Criminal Justice Review, 17, 1-19. Kerry-Ward, A. (2009). The 20th Century and Then What?: A Philosophical View of Life. UK: Troubador Publishing Ltd, 98. Macionis, J.J., Plummer, K. (2008). Sociology: A Global Introduction (4th ed.). England: Pearson Education Limited, 723. Martin, G. (2015). Stop the boats! Moral panic in Australia over asylum seekers. Journal of Media Cultural Studies, 29(3), 304. Morely, D., Kuan-Hsing, C. (2005). Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies. New York: Routledge, 163. Watson, J., Hill, A. (2012). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies (8th ed.). New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 186.

Strategic Recommendation for Teradyne

Analysis of Teradyne based on the five strategic principles The management of the Teradyne Company is looking for the best strategies to ensure that their products and services are optimized. Considering the first strategy to combat the threat of entry of new companies that offer the same products as Teradyne, it is important to make wise decisions. The new entries of companies into the market can threaten the performance of Teradyne as a company.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategic Recommendation for Teradyne specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because they increase the market share, which will in turn put pressure on the prices and the value, which are the necessities to match. For example Teradyne were advised to produce those goods that would be needed by the current needs of the customer. Second strategy is the bargaining power of the suppliers. Teradyne needs to evaluate the products that they r eceive from the suppliers. Having strong suppliers helps the company to capture more benefits for itself. This makes them more powerful as they have the opportunity to charge more or increase the cost for instance the cyclical variability of sales and the need of having fixed engineering cost made Teradyne to understand the achievement of the best balance between long-term goals and the short-term goals. The third strategy is the knowledge and identifying the threat of substitutes. Substitutes in the same industry always perform similar functions, but they use different means. At times, the threat of a substitute is felt when the substitute replaces the buyers industry. Strategists are supposed to change their industry and make them more attractive such as producing more advanced substitutes for their products. In addition, rivalry amongst the existing competitors of Teradyne takes many forms, which include reduction, of prices and discounts, introduction of new products and adverti sing campaigns. The intensity of rivalry can be significantly felt if the competitors are numerous. Lastly, the power of buyers also has a tremendous impact on the strategic performance of Teradyne. Powerful customers are essential if their negotiating leverage is relative compared to the other competing industries, which in this case are the Japanese who produce better than Teradyne. There may be distinct groups of customers who differ in their bargaining power. Teradyne: SWOT analysis The objective of the new business was to develop a new grade of a new breed of industrial grade test equipment, which was designed and built to be highly reliable and easy to use. One of the successes of Teradyne was that all the competitors made transistor test equipment, and these transistors were more complex and difficult to test than the diodes.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Teradyne incorporated things such as vertical marketing as well as recruiting of new staff to enhance the performance of the company. Reintegration was the strategic matter for this company. Through this, the customers will be in a position to determine how fast the new products were going to be accepted in the market. In relation to Aurora’s, there is a need to penetrate into the new markets and get new customers. One threat to the Teradyne Company is the competition from other companies. The major problem that Teradyne is facing is the threat of competition. Several competitors have the CMOS testers, which are highly recommended, as it is a new technology, which made them, stand out to be better that Teradyne. The engineers have to set up new partnerships, which are the key to getting details from the customers to prevent competition. The other important that the company should do is crucial is to come up with ways that will help in development of product policy, which will help in building market segments which have low penetration. It should be able to work closely with its customers, in ensuring that they keep their customers. This includes the development of an economic model that has to be worked out and it should be one that will ensure that the prices of the products are lowered. This way it will keep the company on the profitability margin. This report on Strategic Recommendation for Teradyne was written and submitted by user Amy Mcpherson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Bone Density Testing essays

Bone Density Testing essays Bone densitometry (BD) or central dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), has become an established and a well-known tool for diagnosing and following up patients with disorders affecting the bone mineralization such as osteoporosis or osteopenia. Osteoporosis has been defined as a condition characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and increase in fracture risk. Osteopenia refers to decreased calcification or density of the bone. DEXA results are measured in units of grams per square centimeter (g/cm2 ) and are expressed as a Z score and a T score. The value tested on an individual is compared to others of the same age, sex, and race. This is called the Z-score. It is given in standard deviations (SD) from the average value for the specific age group. A negative () value indicates that an individual has thinner bones (lower bone density) than the average of people in their group. A positive (+) value indicates that one has higher bone density than the average of people in the group. In BD, the T-score is expressed as a standard deviation (SD), which is a statistical measure of how closely each person in a group is to the average (mean) of the group. The average BD is determined by measuring the bone density of a large group of healthy 30-year-olds (young adult reference range). BD values are then reported as a standard deviation from the mean of this reference group. About 90% of people have a BD value within 2 standard deviations of this mean. Once again a negative value indicates that one has thinner bones (lower bone density) than an average 30-year-old and a positive value indicates that he/she has higher bone density than an average 30-year-old. The results are interpreted as follows: BD value in relation to young adult mean Classification ...

Wed Class Cases due Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wed Class Cases due - Assignment Example In fact, I can say that the success of the whole project lies on the design you produced. Currently, there is some distraction with technical composition of the project and that is taking up everyone’s focus. The details in the technical bit will enhance the design you come up with, therefore, as much as few comments arise currently, you are a key person in the success of this team. Hello Vander, this is an expression of my interest in the upcoming position is very high because I believe I have what it takes. I can support this because I have an engineering degree, record of accomplishment for excellence, excellent employee record, and adequate experience. I am exceptionally keen on customer satisfaction and aims at production of quality. I request for your support of my interest in this position because I believe you are focused on supporting the best talent for the position. On 3 April 2012, I paid for my electricity bill through mobile money specifications, but things never worked out. I stayed in darkness for several hours before opting to buy units through other means following several hours of trying to reach customer care in vain. My phone number is +4457898769 and I am requesting for a refund because, two weeks later, I have not received the tokens I had bought. Dear Sir, following the information customers has been receiving recently regarding warranties; it means that there is more information to the customers than our company ever expected. This is not a good thing for the reputation of our company, as the customers will soon look at our company as swindlers, especially if we do not deliver the promise we make to them. It is not appropriate forging ahead with the efforts of training the sales team if the company has to save its reputation from negative opinions of customers. Social media has become a great way for executives meeting with their clients. That is what Opra Winfrey, Richard Branson and Donald Trump

Product Introduction Examples and Their Categorization Essay

Product Introduction Examples and Their Categorization - Essay Example This product has huge storage capacity and hence can store hundreds of films & music videos inside the device. In the author's view, this product is going to face incompatibility with the recorded movie & music industry given that USB drives are not yet the preferred media of selling recorded films & songs. Hence, this device may end up promoting piracy for end users to use it effectively (media companies do not allow copying). Western Digital will need to work out the details of how media companies will be able to sell their products compatible with this device. Currently, the on-line videos are available only through streaming facilities in sites like Cinema Now. As presented by Bhattacharya & Krishnan et al. (1998. S50-S51) firms may get trapped into incorrect design of new products if the specifications are finalized without considering how the competition and related products would evolve. In an old theory Ansoff (1980. pp139) developed an empirical generalization in which it is presented that new product strategists should consider trends, impact, timing of impact, response time, urgency, threats and opportunities before finalizing the product design and launching in the market. The author feels that this product will currently be successful in regions where video piracy is prevalent thus resulting in an unethical factor to contribute to its success. Sony Potrosacki Proizvodi Bravia TV 200 Hz High Density Television in Croatia Sony has recently launched Potrosacki Proizvodi Bravia TV 200 Hz High Density Television in Croatia [http://www.sony.hr/product/t32-z-series/kdl-40z4500]. This device supports latest technologies like High Density picture (1080 pixels) and smoother motion flow at 200 Hz that is normally displayed at 50 Hz. From the perspective of Croatia, many channels available through wired TV connections do not support HDTV. The satellite connectivity does provide access to HDTV channels but their performance is not good in coastal areas due to heavy rains & thick clouds. Hence, a large part of customer base in Croatia will not be able to differentiate the performance of this model compared to the older TV sets. Overall, it is an excellent addition to the existing product line of Sony but it would take some time for the customers at Croatia to realize the difference. Levinthal & Purohit (1989. pp38-39) presented that when a company launches new products in competition with its older variants in th e same product line, the consumers would compare the performance of the new product with its old variant which needs to be tangibly visible. Sony already has a huge customer base of flat LCD TVs in Croatia. Given that Sony products are very durable, it would be difficult for the organization to tangibly demonstrate the value addition of HDTV systems to the customers to motivate them to purchase them in addition to their existing TV sets. Apple iPhone 3G introduction in Croatia Apple has launched the improved version of iPhone that is compatible with 3G spectrum in Croatia (http://www.apple.com/iphone/countries/hr/). This product again

Inventory Management in a Multinational Company

Inventory Management in a Multinational Company Inventory may be desirable, even necessary, for smooth operation and good customer service in many situations. For instance, inventory can be used to reduce the lead time to respond to customer demand, to smooth out the production rate when there are variations in demand, and to protect the company from underestimates of demand (forecast errors) or shortage of supply. Reasons such as these, plus the fact that inventory is considered an asset on a companys balance sheet, have led many companys to carry excessive amounts of inventory. Some companies for example, the Japanese manufacturer Toyota, have become known for their ability to operate with low inventories and to achieve a high inventory turnover. (Inventory turnover is basically the ratio of sales to the average inventory level, both measured at cost or retail price.) The Japanese approach is to keep in process inventory low and to achieve quick flow of the product through the production cycle. Being able to respond quickly to d emand, companies can work from a shorter range forecast, which is more accurate, so they need less safety stock to protect from uncertainty. [1] 2. Aims and objectives Inventory management is an important concern for managers in all types of businesses. For companies that operate on relatively low profit margins, poor inventory management can seriously undermine the business. The challenge is not to pare inventories to the bone to reduce costs or to have plenty around to satisfy all demands, but to have the right amount to achieve the competitive priorities for the business most efficiently. [2] Aims and objectives of this thesis are as follows: Deciding where to position inventory Determining when to replenish inventory Calculating how much to order Determining the placement of safety stock Refacilitating the use of business resources for profitable business results Ensuring the target level of inventory is available to support demand. 3. INVENTORY Inventory is defined as the stock of any item or resource used in organization [3]. An inventory system is a collection of people, equipment and procedures that function to keep account of the quantity of each item in inventory and to determine which items to buy or produce in what quantities and at what times. Even very simple method that accomplishes these functions cost money to operate. Some inventory system requires transaction reporting to keep track of every instance in which units are added to or taken from the existing inventory. This perpetual inventory records can be expensive, but the additional expense can be justified for products that are relatively expensive to hold in inventory 3. 1. CYCLE INVENTORY The portion of total inventory that varies directly with lot size, is called cycle inventory. Determining how frequently to order, and in what quantity, is called lot sizing, two principles apply. The lot size, Q, varies directly with the elapsed time (or cycle) between orders. If a lot is ordered every five weeks, the average lot size must equal five weeks demand. The longer the time between orders for a given item, the greater the cycle inventory. At the beginning of the interval, the cycle inventory is at its maximum or Q. at the end of the interval, just before a new lot arrives, cycle inventory drops to its minimum, or 0. the average cycle inventory is the average of these two extremes: Average cycle inventory = This formula is exact only when the demand rate is constant and uniform. However, it does provide a reasonably good estimate even when demand rates are not constant. Factors other than the demand rate also may cause estimating errors when this simple formula is used. 3.2. SAFETY STOCK INVENTORY To avoid customer service problems and the hidden costs of unavailable components, company holds safety stocks. Safety stocks inventory protects against uncertainties in demand, lead-time, and supply. Safety stocks are desirable when suppliers fail to deliver the desired quantity on the specified date with acceptable quality or when manufactured items have significant amounts of scrap or rework. Safety stock inventory ensures that operations are not disrupted when such problem occur, allowing subsequent operations to continue. Figure 1: Various types of Inventory To create safety stock, a farm places an order for delivery earlier than when the item is typically needed. The replenishment order therefore arrives ahead of time, giving a cushion against uncertainty. Inventory used to absorb uneven rates of demand or supply, which businesses often face, is referred to as anticipation inventory. Predictable, seasonal demand patterns lead themselves to the use of anticipation inventory. Anticipation inventory also can help when supply, rather than demand, is uneven. A company may stock up on a certain purchased item if its suppliers are threatened with a strike or have severe capacity limitations. 3.3. ANTICIPATION INVENTORY Inventory used to absorb uneven rates of demand or supply, which businesses often face, is referred to as anticipation inventory. Predictable, seasonal demand patterns lead themselves to the use of anticipation inventory. Anticipation inventory also can help when supply, rather than demand, is uneven. A company may stock up on a certain purchased item if its suppliers are threatened with a strike or have severe capacity limitations. 3.4. PIPELINE INVENTORY Inventory moving from point to point in the materials flow systems called pipeline inventory. Materials move from suppliers to a plant, from one operation to the next in the plant, from the plant to a distribution center for customer, and from the distribution center to a retailer. Pipeline inventory consists of orders that have been placed but not yet received. Pipeline inventory between two points, for either transportation or production, ca be measured as the average demand during lead time, , which is the average demand for the item period (d) times the number of periods in the items lead time (L) to move between the two points, or Pipeline Inventory = = dL. [2] 4. BATB Inventory Management There are some standard management theories as we described earlier in chapter two. The operational environment varies firms to firms, companies to companies. Based on the different varying conditions most companies do manage the inventory at their own. They do not follow exactly what the theory implies but analyzing the theories they go for the decisions that suit them most effectively and efficiently. The goal should not be to minimize inventory or to maximize customer service but rather to have the right amount to support the competitive priorities of the company. 4.1. BATB Inventory System BATB inventory system can be compared with a two-bin system in which an items inventory is stored at two different locations. Inventory is first withdrawn from one-bin. The two-bin system implies that if the first bin is empty, the second bin provides backup to cover demand until a reenlistment arrives [2]. BATB has the flexibility to locate their inventory at different points from supplier to warehouse at supplier premises which is very good advantage for a company. The demand manager and the MPS manager reviews the inventory positions on the daily basis and then go for receiving the lot from the pipeline inventory. This indicates that they are maintaining the pipeline inventory. It helps them reduce the lot size to be stocked at warehouse. BATB Inventory includes: Finished goods Bled sets Filter rods Wrapping materials Leaf Tax stamps Bandle rolls The study is mainly focused on the leaf. Because this is the major concern in any cigarette manufacturing company as it holds the maximum cycle time. We will work with the raw materials inventory. Mainly BATB has two types of materials. These are wrapping material and Tobacco. They receive raw materials from both local and foreign suppliers. Foreign suppliers are mainly from Brazil, Argentina, Canada, South Africa and Zimbabwe. For local suppliers average lead-time is 10 to 15 days and for the foreign suppliers lead-time is 90 to 120 days. Leaf is supplied by both the local and foreign supplier. But ignoring the local leaf as it takes less time, we will take the imported leaf in account to analyze. Leaf Strategy Leaf is an agricultural plant, which must be cultivated, and it needs certain period to get matured. Therefore the ordering policy of leaf is very time consuming. They have to place the order very early of the time it is needed to arrive. Suppose they need 1000-ton leaf in the month of April 2008, they inform their supplier right now that is in the month of April 2007, so that they can cultivate the leaf and then deliver. In addition, it is to be mentioned that just after the arrival in the warehouse the leaf is not as ready as to be used for production. It goes under another certain period of time for maturation and then is under for production. But if we talk about the lead-time it will include only the days between order placements to arrival at warehouse. 5. SAFETY STOCK Usually one does not know precisely the number of units that will be demanded each day during the lead-time. The duration of lead-time may have unexplained or unexpected variation. Demand can be thought of a probabilistic variable with some expected amount of demand during a period of time and unexplained variations about the expected value. If inventory could be replenished one a moments notice there would be no reason to be concerned about demand uncertainty. Whenever inventory reached zero, stock would be held again. With some lead time between the placement of an order an its arrival, however there is a chance that demand will be greater than expected and loss will be incurred due to stockout. When stockout costs are high and demand is very unpredictable, the financial risk is sizable. Safety stock is a means of protection against this risk. Safety stock (SS) is established simply by raising the reorder level above the expected lead-time demand. For probabilistic demand during le ad-time, the reorder level is given by the following equation where represents the mean demand per unit of time. [1] RL= ( ÃÆ'- LT) + SS Safety stock is the average amount one hand when replenishment orders arrive. Sometime demand during the lead-time is less than expected extra stock is on hand. Sometimes demand is greater than expected and some of the safety stock is used. 6. Methodology Step 1: Conducting a primary survey. Step 2: Preparing primary questionnaire Step 3: Modification of the questionnaire Open-ended questions: This type of questions found out the view of the decisions makers out for gathering information regarding the subject topic. Close-ended questions: These types of questions were designed to extract information which are related to the preparation of a realistic forecast: Step 4: Performing the case study and conducting the interview Step 5: Data processing and analysis 6.1 Demand Forecasting Strategy Demand manager receives the sales history of the previous 4/5 years. He observes the trend that every month undergoes. There are some seasonal impacts in the cigarette market. But overall the market is a stable one. Following the trend of previous 4/5 years and considering the marketing activities, the demand manager goes for a rolling forecast over the next 18 months. The term rolling here implies that the forecast is updated every month for the next 18 months. Stable Trend-up Trend-down Figure 2: Trends of Demand By this, the demand manager feels flexible enough to consider any new promotional activity or any assumption from the marketing department and any seasonal impact, which has not been included earlier. The main focus of forecasting is based on the trend. If the trend is decreasing the forecasted sales goes down and vice versa. 6.2. Findings Imported leaf stock: Year end 2008 imported leaf stock was 317 million Taka Average 2008 leaf stock was 334 million Taka (~ 4 months duration) Currently, they are following an inventory policy of maintaining a 90 day safety stock which varies in quantity and value terms over the year with fluctuation in demand. 7. ANALYSIS The assumptions presented in the chapter two have been considered applicable to develop the EOQ for the imported leaf. Considerations: Grade: AN30/104S Demand in Kg/Month: Annual Demand = 152000 Kg Holding Cost = 32 TK/ Kg Ordering Cost = 700 TK (Assumed) EOQ =à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ (2DS/H) = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ ((2*152000*700)/32) =. 75Kgs Kgs 7.1 HOW MUCH TO ORDER The analysis shows that the company should order 2579 kg for the particular grade each time, a quality that should be result in 58.93 cycles per year. Actually, the equation derived doesnt result in actual lot size that must be ordered. This will help to manage lot size and inventory control. The current moves towards the inventory cost and quantities, stress the importance in reducing lot size. That means to reducing lot sizes is to reduce setup time and cost. When smaller lots are run, holding cost is reduced. The point is to understand the logic and where to apply it. The effect on order size resulting from reducing setup cost is shows in the following figure. When the setup cost is reduced, the total cost curve shifts from TC1 to TC2. Correspondingly, the EOQ is reduced from EOQ1 to EOQ2 and the maximum total cost is reduced from TC1min to TC2min.[3] Figure 6: Effect of reduced set up cost on order size and total cost 7.2. Reorder level The order quantity and reorder level are interrelated. A large order quantity causes fewer replenishment cycles with fewer exposures to stockout, so the reorder level can be reduced, and vice versa. Theoretically, we would have to find simultaneous solutions to equations for Q and RL to find their normal values. The value of D, S and H are only estimates, and the value of the EOQ will be approximate whether or not an adjustment is made for the expected stockout cost. Consequently, as often as done, we disregard the interrelationship between Q and RL. We solve for the EOQ, ignoring its effect on stockout cost, and then we find the best reorder level for this value of Q. Assumptions: Highest Service Level Factor corresponding to 99.99% satisfaction level used though recommended maximum level is usually 98%; this results in a more than 50% higher safety stock ii) Safety Stock calculated using standard deviation of actual demand rather than variance between forecast and actual giving higher levels of safety buffer. iii) Lead time taken to be 4 months for all grades whereas actual lead time is considerably less providing greater safety stock to cover variation in demand during lead time. Calculation: RL = L + z Where, RL =Reorder Point in Units, =Average Demand Per Time Period, L = Lead Time,Z = No. of Standard Deviation for a Specified Service Level,= Standard Deviation of Usages during Lead Time Annual Demand =152000 kgs Average Demand/Per Month =12666.66 L= 4 Months Z = 99.99% = à Ã†â€™d = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (di-dà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢) 2/12), in a range from i-1 to 12 =à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ (31066666.66/12) =1609.00 Therefore, = =1609* =3218 From the above calculation RL can be determined as follows: RL = 12666.66 * 4 + 4*3218 =50666.64 + 12872 =63538.64 This says that when the stock on hand gets down to 60610.26 kgs order should be placed. 7.3. Level of Safety Stock Safety stock= =4*3218 =12872 It results to a safety stock of 31 days, as the daily demand is 416.43 kgs. But theoretically it is applicable for the particular grade. Though the other grades do not involve so much variation in their demand, considering some logistic capabilities for the overall improved leaf the proposed safety stock is 50 days. This will allow for flexibility during roll out of new safety stock polling while guarding against unanticipated changes in sales and supply scenarios. The reason for proposing this amount of safety stock is to protect much against the uncertainty of demand. Because there may be a situation that for a sudden change in demands the system may not be flexible enough to meet the change from the calculated safety stock. This is due to demand forecasting that takes place over a long period and the order is placed for a particular month very early of the situation it experiences the change in its demand. So immediately it is not possible for the system to respond the sudden change in demand. For this, proper level of safety stock should be placed in a company for its smooth operation. Another fact is that the lead time from order placement to arrival at warehouse involves some events over which the proper control is not possible. The following section represents the impact of reduction of safety stock and then the analysis of lead time is shown. It is to be mentioned that the more the lead times the more the level of safety stock. Therefor e the lead time calculation is an important factor for the placement of safety stock. 7.4. BENEFITS CALCULATION GRADE: AN30/104S Annual consumption = 152000kgs 90 days safety stock = 38000kgs 50 days safety stock = 21111.11 Therefore, WC Reduction = (38000-21111.11)*165 =2.78 million Taka 7.5. OFFSHORE STOCK COST CALCULATION Reduction in safety stock = 16888.89 kgs This amount of excess stock will be held at supplier premises for a maximum additional period of 12 months. Holding cost at BATB @ 12% = 16888.89ÃÆ'-135.11ÃÆ'-12% =273823 Taka Holding cost at supplier @ 7.2% + Excess Duty =16888.89 ÃÆ'- 135.11 ÃÆ'- 7.2% ÃÆ'- 1.22 =200439 Taka Therefore, Savings =73384 Taka 8. IMPACT OF REDUCED LEVEL OF SAFETY STOCK ON WC Proposed Safety Stock based on lead-time, variability in demand during 2006 and desired service level indicates a substantially lower requirement of safety stock even with very conservative assumptions Using 2007 volumes this would translate to reducing imported leaf stock from an average of 322.60 Million TK. to about 179.18 Million TK. Jan 08 Feb08 Mar 08 Apr 08 May 08 Jun 08 Aug08 9. LEAD TIME ANALYSIS It has been already mentioned that the more the lead time the more the safety stock. Lead time involves the total time from the order placement to arrival at warehouse Figure 7: Supply Lead Time We can develop a pie chart highlighting the time taken on a percentage basis by different events that take place from order placement to arrival at warehouse. Symbols Events Average % A TIME TAKEN BW ORD PLACE PRO INVOICE REC 14.75 7 B TIME TAKEN BW LC REQUIEST 10.93 5 C NO. OF DAYS SPENT B/W LC SHIPMENT DATE 38.90 19 D ARRIVAL IN CTG (ACTUAL SHIPMENT ETA CTG) 35.10 17 E DAYS REQD CTG TO ICD 6.05 3 F DAYS REQD ICD TO WAREHOUSE 8.58 4 Table 1: Lead Time Analysis The pie chart shows that a major part of the time from order placement to arrival at warehouse involves the events C and D over which the control cannot be held so easily. They involve some complex as well as time taking procedures. But in case of the rest of the events different action can be issued very effectively. Figure 8: Events placed on Warehouse (Percentage basis) In addition there are some recommendations for reducing the lead-time in the next chapter. 10. RECOMMENDATION As the analysis shows that the company can reduce the level of safety stock, the first phase of recommendation represents how it can be carried out and the later phase defines the steps, which should be proper monitored and controlled with a view to, maintain an optimized inventory management system. This will enable to obtain an effective safety stock level. Allowing Inventory Policy Exceptions for certain grades to satisfy requirements for blend changes and brain launches. Reviewing and improving the order tracking process as necessary. Monitoring orders, delivery performance and safety stock policy adhere continually. Gradually moving to safety stock of 2.5 months and then to 50 days, with 6 months duration difference. Holding the excess stock at the supplier premises. Locating the inventory at different points in the pipeline rather to hold much in the warehouses. The following steps should be performed in order to implement the recommend actions: Developing operational excellence in demand forecasting so that there will be fewer surprises. Cutting the lead-time to reduce the demand uncertainty during lead time. Reducing the supplier uncertainty. Supplier reliability can be increased by sharing the production plans with them, permitting them to make more realistic forecast. Improving the logistics capability by planning the infrastructure to meet demand, then implementing and controlling the physical flows of material and final goods from points of origin to points of use. 11. CONCLUSION It has been revealed that the traditional inventory management system needs some modification depending on the situation or the operating environment, while inventory is management by a company. The different inventory models provide a different set of capabilities and opportunities to exploit different competitive priorities. Some members of different industries and consulting firms have already started to criticize classical inventory models seem fashionable. But prior to the operating conditions different classical inventory models can be considered as the decision making tools that will enable a company to take its step under conflicting pressure. All the system needs is proper integration of operation and business. This will smooth the flow of information and thereby implementation of such models would be openhanded.

Forward the Foundation Chapter 22

Part IV Wanda Seldon SELDON, WANDA-†¦ In the waning years of Hari Seldon's life, he grew most attached to (some say dependent upon) his granddaughter, Wanda. Orphaned in her teens, Wanda Seldon devoted herself to her grandfather's Psychohistory Project, filling the vacancy left by Yugo Amaryl†¦ The content of Wanda Seldon's work remains largely a mystery, for it was conducted in virtually total isolation. The only individuals allowed access to Wanda Seldon's research were Hari himself and a young man named Stettin Palver (whose descendant Preem would four hundred years later contribute to the rebirth of Trantor, as the planet rose from the ashes of the Great Sack [300 F.E.1). Although the full extent of Wanda Seldon's contribution to the Foundation is unknown, it was undoubtedly of the greatest magnitude†¦ Encyclopedia Galactica 1 Hari Seldon walked into the Galactic Library (limping a little, as he did more and more often these days) and made for the banks of skitters, the little vehicles that slid their way along the interminable corridors of the building complex. He was held up, however, by the sight of three men seated at one of the galactography alcoves, with the Galactograph showing the Galaxy in full three-dimensional representation and, of course, its worlds slowly pinwheeling around its core, spinning at right angles to that as well. From where Seldon stood he could see that the border Province of Anacreon was marked off in glowing red. It skirted the edge of the Galaxy and took up a great volume, but it was sparsely populated with stars. Anacreon was not remarkable for either wealth or culture but was remarkable for its distance from Trantor: ten thousand parsecs away. Seldon acting on impulse, took a seat at a computer console near the three and set up a random search he was sure would take an indefinite period. Some instinct told him that such an intense interest in Anacreon must be political in nature-its position in the Galaxy made it one of the least secure holdings of the current Imperial regime. His eyes remained on his screen, but Seldon's ears were open for the discussion near him. One didn't usually hear political discussions in the Library. They were, in point of fact, not supposed to take place. Seldon did not know any of the three men. That was not entirely surprising. There were habitues of the Library, quite a few, and Seldon knew most of them by sight-and some even to talk to-but the Library was open to all citizens. No qualifications. Anyone could enter and use its facilities. (For a limited period of time, of course. Only a select few, like Seldon were allowed to â€Å"set up shop† in the Library. Seldon had been granted the use of a locked private office and complete access to Library resources.) One of the men (Seldon thought of him as Hook Nose, for obvious reasons) spoke in a low urgent voice. â€Å"Let it go,† he said. â€Å"Let it go. It's costing us a mint to try to hold on and, even if we do, it will only be while they're there. They can't stay there forever and, as soon as they leave, the situation will revert to what it was.† Seldon knew what they were talking about. The news had come over TrantorVision only three days ago that the Imperial government had decided on a show of force to bring the obstreperous Governor of Anacreon into line. Seldon's own psychohistorical analysis had shown him that it was a useless procedure, but the government did not generally listen when its emotions were stirred. Seldon smiled slightly and grimly at hearing Hook Nose say what he himself had said-and the young man said it without the benefit of any knowledge of psychohistory. Hook Nose went on. â€Å"If we leave Anacreon alone, what do we lose? It's still there, right where it always was, right at the edge of the Empire. It can't pick up and go to Andromeda, can it? So it still has to trade with us and life continues. What's the difference if they salute the Emperor or not? You'll never be able to tell the difference.† The second man, whom Seldon had labeled Baldy, for even more obvious reasons, said, â€Å"Except this whole business doesn't exist in a vacuum. If Anacreon goes, the other border provinces will go. The Empire will break up.† â€Å"So what?† whispered Hook Nose fiercely. â€Å"The Empire can't run itself effectively anymore, anyway. It's too big. Let the border go and take care of itself-if it can. The Inner Worlds will be all the stronger and better off. The border doesn't have to be ours politically; it will still be ours economically.† And now the third man (Red Cheeks) said, â€Å"I wish you were right, but that's not the way it's going to work. If the border provinces establish their independence, the first thing each will do will be to try to increase its power at the expense of its neighbors. There'll be war and conflict and every one of the governors will dream of becoming Emperor at last. It will be like the old days before the Kingdom of Trantor-a dark age that will last for thousands of years.† Baldy said, â€Å"Surely things won't be that bad. The Empire may break up, but it will heal itself quickly when people find out that the breakup just means war and impoverishment. They'll look back on the golden days of the intact Empire and all will be well again. We're not barbarians, you know. We'll find a way.† â€Å"Absolutely,† said Hook Nose. â€Å"We've got to remember that the Empire has faced crisis after crisis in its history and has pulled through time and again.† But Red Cheeks shook his head as he said, â€Å"This is not just another crisis. This is something much worse. The Empire has been deteriorating for generations. Ten years' worth of the junta destroyed the economy and since the fall of the junta and the rise of this new Emperor, the Empire has been so weak that the governors on the Periphery don't have to do anything. It's going to fall of its own weight.† â€Å"And the allegiance to the Emperor-† began Hook Nose. â€Å"What allegiance?† said Red Cheeks. â€Å"We went for years without an Emperor after Cleon was assassinated and no one seemed to mind much. And this new Emperor is just a figurehead. There's nothing he can do. There's nothing anyone can do. This isn't a crisis. This is the end. â€Å" The other two stared at Red Cheeks, frowning. Baldy said, â€Å"You really believe it! You think that the Imperial government will just sit there and let it all happen?† â€Å"Yes! Like you two, they won't believe it is happening. That is, until it's too late.† â€Å"What would you want them to do if they did believe it?† asked Baldy. Red Cheeks stared into the Galactograph, as if he might find an answer there. â€Å"I don't know. Look, in due course of time I'll die; things won't be too bad by then. Afterward, as the situation gets worse, other people can worry about it. I'll be gone. And so will the good old days. Maybe forever. I'm not the only one who thinks this, by the way. Ever hear of someone named Hari Seldon?† â€Å"Sure,† said Hook Nose at once. â€Å"Wasn't he First Minister under Cleon?† â€Å"Yes,† said Red Cheeks. â€Å"He's some sort of scientist. I heard him give a talk a few months back. It felt good to know I'm not the only one who believes the Empire is falling apart. He said-â€Å" â€Å"And he said everything's going to pot and there's going to be a permanent dark age?† Baldy interjected. â€Å"Well no,† said Red Cheeks. â€Å"He's one of these real cautious types. Ire says it might happen, but he's wrong. It will happen.† Seldon had heard enough. He limped toward the table where the three men sat and touched Red Cheeks on the shoulder. â€Å"Sir,† he said, â€Å"may I speak to you for a moment?† Startled, Red Cheeks looked up and then he said, â€Å"Hey, aren't you Professor Seldon?† â€Å"I always have been,† said Seldon. He handed the man a reference tile bearing his photograph. â€Å"I would like to see you here in my Library office at 4 P.M., day after tomorrow. Can you manage that?† â€Å"I have to work.† â€Å"Call in sick if you have to. It's important.† â€Å"Well, I'm not sure, sir.† â€Å"Do it,† said Seldon. â€Å"If you get into any sort of trouble over it, I'll straighten it out. And meanwhile, gentlemen, do you mind if I study the Galaxy simulation for a moment? It's been a long time since I've looked at one.† They nodded mutely, apparently abashed at being in the presence of a former First Minister. One by one the men stepped back and allowed Seldon access to the Galactograph controls. Seldon's finger reached out to the controls and the red that had marked off the Province of Anacreon vanished. The Galaxy was unmarked, a glowing pinwheel of mist brightening into the spherical glow at the center, behind which was the Galactic black hole. Individual stars could not be made out, of course, unless the view were magnified, but then only one portion or another of the Galaxy would be shown on the screen and Seldon wanted to see the whole thing -to get a look at the Empire that was vanishing. He pushed a contact and a series of yellow dots appeared on the Galactic image. They represented the habitable planets-twenty-five million of them. They could be distinguished as individual dots in the thin fog that represented the outskirts of the Galaxy, but they were more and more thickly placed as one moved in toward the center. There was a belt of what seemed solid yellow (but which would separate into individual dots under magnification) around the central glow. The central glow itself remained white and unmarked, of course. No habitable planets could exist in the midst of the turbulent energies of the core. Despite the great density of yellow, not one star in ten thousand, Seldon knew, had a habitable planet circling it. This was true, despite the planet-molding and terraforming capacities of humanity. Not all the molding in the Galaxy could make most of the worlds into anything a human being could walk on in comfort and without the protection of a spacesuit. Seldon closed another contact. The yellow dots disappeared, but one tiny region glowed blue: Trantor and the various worlds directly dependent on it. As close as it could be to the central core and yet remaining insulated from its deadliness, it was commonly viewed as being located at the â€Å"center of the Galaxy,† which it wasn't-not truly. As usual, one had to be impressed by the smallness of the world of Trantor, a tiny place in the vast realm of the Galaxy, but within it was squeezed the largest concentration of wealth, culture, and governmental authority that humanity had ever seen. And even that was doomed to destruction. It was almost as though the men could read his mind or perhaps they interpreted the sad expression on his face. Baldy asked softly, â€Å"Is the Empire really going to be destroyed?† Seldon replied, softer still, â€Å"It might. It might. Anything might happen.† He rose, smiled at the men, and left, but in his thoughts he screamed: It will! It will! 2 Seldon sighed as he climbed into one of the skitters that were ranked side by side in the large alcove. There had been a time, just a few years ago, when he had gloried in walking briskly along the interminable corridors of the Library, telling himself that even though he was past sixty he could manage it. But now, at seventy, his legs gave way all too quickly and he had to take a skitter. Younger men took them all the time because skitters saved them trouble, but Seldon did it because he had to-and that made all the difference. After Seldon punched in the destination, he closed a contact and the skitter lifted a fraction of an inch above the floor. Off it went at a rather casual pace, very smoothly, very silently, and Seldon leaned back and watched the corridor walls, the other skitters, the occasional walkers. He passed a number of Librarians and, even after all these years, he still smiled when he saw them. They were the oldest Guild in the Empire, the one with the most revered traditions, and they clung to ways that were more appropriate centuries before-maybe millennia before. Their garments were silky and off-white and were loose enough to be almost gownlike, coming together at the neck and billowing out from there. Trantor, like all the worlds, oscillated, where the males were concerned, between facial hair and smoothness. The people of Trantor itself-or at least most of its sectors-were smooth-shaven and had been smooth-shaven for as far back as he knew-excepting such anomalies as the mustaches worn by Dahlites, such as his own foster son, Raych. The Librarians, however, clung to the beards of long ago. Every Librarian had a rather short neatly cultivated beard running from ear to ear but leaving bare the upper lip. That alone was enough to mark them for what they were and to make the smooth-shaven Seldon feel a little uncomfortable when surrounded by a crowd of them. Actually the most characteristic thing of all was the cap each wore (perhaps even when asleep, Seldon thought). Square, it was made of a velvety material, in four parts that came together with a button at the top. The caps came in an endless variety of colors and apparently each color had significance. If you were familiar with Librarian lore, you could tell a particular Librarian's length of service, area of expertise, grades of accomplishment, and so on. They helped fix a pecking order. Every Librarian could, by a glance at another's hat, tell whether to be respectful (and to what degree) or overbearing (and to what degree). The Galactic Library was the largest single structure on Trantor (possibly in the Galaxy), much larger than even the Imperial Palace, and it had once gleamed and glittered, as though boasting of its size and magnificence. However, like the Empire itself, it had faded and withered. It was like an old dowager still wearing the jewels of her youth but upon a body that was wrinkled and wattled. The skitter stopped in front of the ornate doorway of the Chief Librarian's office and Seldon climbed out. Las Zenow smiled as he greeted Seldon. â€Å"Welcome, my friend,† he said in his high-pitched voice. (Seldon wondered if he had ever sung tenor in his younger days but had never dared to ask. The Chief Librarian was a compound of dignity always and the question might have seemed offensive.) â€Å"Greetings,† said Seldon. Zenow had a gray beard, rather more than halfway to white, and he wore a pure white hat. Seldon understood that without any explanation. It was a case of reverse ostentation. The total absence of color represented the highest peak of position. Zenow rubbed his hands with what seemed to be an inner glee. â€Å"I've called you in, Hari, because I've got good news for you. We've found it! â€Å"By ‘it,' Las, you mean-â€Å" â€Å"A suitable world. You wanted one far out. I think we've located the ideal one.† His smile broadened. â€Å"You just leave it to the Library. Hari. We can find anything.† â€Å"I have no doubt, Las. Tell me about this world.† â€Å"Well, let me show you its location first.† A section of the wall slid aside, the lights in the room dimmed, and the Galaxy appeared in three-dimensional form, turning slowly. Again, red lines marked off the Province of Anacreon, so that Seldon could almost swear that the episode with the three men had been a rehearsal for this. And then a brilliant blue dot appeared at the far end of the province. â€Å"There it is,† said Zenow. â€Å"It's an ideal world. Sizable, well-watered, good oxygen atmosphere, vegetation, of course. A great deal of sea life. It's there just for the taking. No planet-molding or terraforming required-or, at least, none that cannot be done while it is actually occupied.† Seldon said, â€Å"Is it an unoccupied world, Las?† â€Å"Absolutely unoccupied. No one on it.† â€Å"But why-if it's so suitable? I presume that, if you have all the details about it, it must have been explored. Why wasn't it colonized?† â€Å"It was explored, but only by unmanned probes. And there was no colonization-presumably because it was so far from everything. The planet revolves around a star that is farther from the central black hole than that of any inhabited planet-farther by far. Too far, I suppose, for prospective colonists, but I think not too far for you. You said, ‘The farther, the better.' â€Å" â€Å"Yes,† said Seldon, nodding. â€Å"I still say so. Does it have a name or is there just a letter-number combination?† â€Å"Believe it or not, it has a name. Those who sent out the probes named it Terminus, an archaic word meaning ‘the end of the line.' Which it would seem to be.† Seldon said, â€Å"Is the world part of the territory of the Province of Anacreon?† â€Å"Not really,† said Zenow. â€Å"If you'll study the red line and the red shading, you will see that the blue dot of Terminus lies slightly outside it-fifty light-years outside it, in fact. Terminus belongs to nobody; it's not even part of the Empire, as a matter of fact.† â€Å"You're right, then, Las. It does seem like the ideal world I've been looking for.† â€Å"Of course,† said Zenow thoughtfully, â€Å"once you occupy Terminus, I imagine the Governor of Anacreon will claim it as being under his jurisdiction.† â€Å"That's possible,† said Seldon, â€Å"but we'll have to deal with that when 1 he matter comes up.† Zenow rubbed his hands again. â€Å"What a glorious conception. Setting up a huge project on a brand-new world, far away and entirely isolated, so that year by year and decade by decade a huge Encyclopedia of all human knowledge can be put together. An epitome of what is present in this Library. If I were only younger, I would love to join the expedition.† Seldon said sadly, â€Å"You're almost twenty years younger than I am.† (Almost everyone is far younger than I am, he thought, even more sadly.) Zenow said, â€Å"Ah yes, I heard that you just passed your seventieth birthday. I hope you enjoyed it and celebrated appropriately.† Seldon stirred. â€Å"I don't celebrate my birthdays.† â€Å"Oh, but you did. I remember the famous story of your sixtieth birthday.† Seldon felt the pain, as deeply as though the dearest loss in all the world had taken place the day before. â€Å"Please don't talk about it,† he said. Abashed, Zenow said, â€Å"I'm sorry. We'll talk about something else. If, indeed, Terminus is the world you want, I imagine that your work on the preliminaries to the Encyclopedia Project will be redoubled. As you know, the Library will be glad to help you in all respects.† â€Å"I'm aware of it, Las, and I am endlessly grateful. We will, indeed, keep working.† He rose, not yet able to smile after the sharp pang induced by the reference to his birthday celebration of ten years back. He said, â€Å"So I must go to continue my labors.† And as he left, he felt, as always, a pang of conscience over the deceit he was practicing. Las Zenow did not have the slightest idea of Seldon's true intentions. 3 Hari Seldon surveyed the comfortable suite that had been his personal office at the Galactic Library these past few years. It, like the rest of the Library, had a vague air of decay about it, a kind of weariness-something that had been too long in one place. And yet Seldon knew it might remain here, in the same place, for centuries more-with judicious rebuildings-for millennia even. How did he come to be here? Over and over again, he felt the past in his mind, ran his mental tendrils along the line of development of his life. It was part of growing older, no doubt. There was so much more in the past, so much less in the future, that the mind turned away from the looming shadow ahead to contemplate the safety of what had gone before. In his case, though, there was that change. For over thirty years psychohistory had developed in what might almost be considered a straight line-progress creepingly slow but moving straight ahead. Then six years ago there had been a right-angled turn-totally unexpected. And Seldon know exactly how it had happened, how a concatenation of events came together to make it possible. It was Wanda, of course, Seldon's granddaughter. Hari closed his eyes and settled into his chair to review the events of six years before. Twelve-year-old Wanda was bereft. Her mother, Manella, had had another child, another little girl, Bellis, and for a time the new baby was a total preoccupation. Her father, Raych, having finished his book on his home sector of Dahl, found it to be a minor success and himself a minor celebrity. He was called upon to talk on the subject, something he accepted with alacrity, for he was fiercely absorbed in the subject and, as he said to Hari with a grin, â€Å"When I talk about Dahl, I don't have to hide my Dahlite accent. In fact, the public expects it of me.† The net result, though, was that he was away from home a considerable amount of time and when he wasn't, it was the baby he wanted to see. As for Dors-Dors was gone-and to Hari Seldon that wound was ever-fresh, ever-painful. And he had reacted to it in an unfortunate manner. It had been Wanda's dream that had set in motion the current of events that had ended with the loss of Dors. Wanda had had nothing to do with it-Seldon knew that very well. And yet he found himself shrinking from her, so that he also failed her in the crisis brought about by the birth of the new baby. And Wanda wandered disconsolately to the one person who always seemed glad to see her, the one person she could always count on. That WAS Yugo Amaryl, second only to Hari Seldon in the development of psychohistory and first in his absolute round-the-clock devotion to it. Hari had had Dors and Raych, but psychohistory was Yugo's life; he had no wife and children. Yet whenever Wanda came into his presence, something within him recognized her as a child and he dimly felt-for just that moment-a sense of loss that seemed to be assuaged only by showing the child affection. To be sure, he tended to treat her as a rather undersized adult, but Wanda seemed to like that. It was six years ago that she had wandered into Yugo's office. Yugo looked up at her with his owlish reconstituted eyes and, as usual, took a moment or two to recognize her. Then he said, â€Å"Why, it's my dear friend Wanda. But why do you look so sad? Surely an attractive young woman like you should never feel sad.† And Wanda, her lower lip trembling, said, â€Å"Nobody loves me.† â€Å"Oh come, that's not true.† â€Å"They just love that new baby. They don't care about me anymore.† â€Å"I love you, Wanda.† â€Å"Well, you're the only one then, Uncle Yugo.† And even though she could no longer crawl onto his lap as she had when she was younger, she cradled her head on his shoulder and wept. Amaryl, totally unaware of what he should do, could only hug the girl and say, â€Å"Don't cry. Don't cry.† And out of sheer sympathy and because he had so little in his own life to weep about, he found that tears were trickling down his own cheeks as well. And then he said with sudden energy, â€Å"Wanda, would you like to see something pretty?† â€Å"What?† sniffled Wanda. Amaryl knew only one thing in life and the Universe that was pretty. He said, â€Å"Did you ever see the Prime Radiant?† â€Å"No. What is it?† â€Å"It's what your grandfather and I use to do our work. See? It's right here.† He pointed to the black cube on his desk and Wanda looked at it woefully. â€Å"That's not pretty,† she said. â€Å"Not now,† agreed Amaryl. â€Å"But watch when I turn it on.† He did so. The room darkened and filled with dots of light and flashes of different colors. â€Å"See? Now we can magnify it so all the dots become mathematical symbols.† And so they did. There seemed a rush of material toward them and there, in the air, were signs of all sorts, letters, numbers, arrows, and shapes that Wanda had never seen before. â€Å"Isn't it pretty?† asked Amaryl. â€Å"Yes, it is,† said Wanda, staring carefully at the equations that (she didn't know) represented possible futures. â€Å"I don't like that part, though. I think it's wrong.† She pointed at a colorful equation to her left. â€Å"Wrong? Why do you say it's wrong† said Amaryl, frowning. â€Å"Because it's not†¦ pretty. I'd do it a different way.† Amaryl cleared his throat. â€Å"Well, I'll try to fix it up.† And he moved closer to the equation in question, staring at it in his owlish fashion. Wanda said, â€Å"Thank you very much, Uncle Yugo, for showing me your pretty lights. Maybe someday I'll understand what they mean.† â€Å"That's all right,† said Amaryl. â€Å"I hope you feel better.† â€Å"A little, thanks,† and, after flashing the briefest of smiles, she left the room. Amaryl stood there, feeling a trifle hurt. He didn't like having the Prime Radiant's product criticized-not even by a twelve-year-old girl who knew no better. And as he stood there, he had no idea whatsoever that the psychohistorical revolution had begun. 4 That afternoon Amaryl went to Hari Seldon's office at Streeling University. That in itself was unusual, for Amaryl virtually never left his own office, even to speak with a colleague just down the hall. â€Å"Hari,† said Amaryl, frowning and looking puzzled. â€Å"Something very odd has happened. Very peculiar.† Seldon looked at Amaryl with deepest sorrow. He was only fifty-three, but he looked much older, bent, worn down to almost transparency. When forced, he had undergone doctors' examinations and the doctors had all recommended that he leave his work for a period of time (some said permanently) and rest. Only this, the doctors said, might improve his health. Otherwise-Seldon shook his head. â€Å"Take him away from his work and he'll die all the sooner-and unhappier. We have no choice.† And then Seldon realized that, lost in such thoughts, he was not hearing Amaryl speak. He said, â€Å"I'm sorry, Yugo. I'm a little distracted. Begin again.† Amaryl said, â€Å"I'm telling you that something very odd has happened. Very peculiar.† â€Å"What is it, Yugo?† â€Å"It was Wanda. She came in to see me-very sad, very upset.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"Apparently it's the new baby.† â€Å"Oh yes,† Hari said with more than a trace of guilt in his voice. â€Å"So she said and cried on my shoulder-I actually cried a bit, too, Hari. And then I thought I'd cheer her up by showing her the Prime Radiant.† Here Amaryl hesitated, as if choosing his next words carefully. â€Å"Go on, Yugo. What happened?† â€Å"Well, she stared at all the lights and I magnified a portion, actually Section 428254. You're acquainted with that?† Seldon smiled. â€Å"No, Yugo, I haven't memorized the equations quite as well as you have.† â€Å"Well, you should,† said Amaryl severely. â€Å"How can you do a good job if-But never mind that. What I'm trying to say is that Wanda pointed to a part of it and said it was no good. It wasn't pretty. â€Å" â€Å"Why not? We all have our personal likes and dislikes.† â€Å"Yes, of course, but I brooded about it and I spent some time going over it and, Hari, there was something wrong with it. The programming was inexact and that area, the precise area to which Wanda pointed, was no good. And, really, it wasn't pretty.† Seldon sat up rather stiffly, frowning. â€Å"Let me get this straight, Yugo. She pointed to something at random, said it was no good, and she was right?† â€Å"Yes. She pointed, but it wasn't at random; she was very deliberate.† â€Å"But that's impossible.† â€Å"But it happened. I was there.† â€Å"I'm not saying it didn't happen. I'm saying it was just a wild coincidence.† â€Å"Is it? Do you think, with all your knowledge of psychohistory, you could take one glance at a new set of equations and tell me that one portion is no good?† Seldon said, â€Å"Well then, Yugo, how did you come to expand that particular portion of the equations? What made you choose that piece for magnification?† Amaryl shrugged. â€Å"That was coincidence-if you like. I just fiddled with the controls.† â€Å"That couldn't be coincidence,† muttered Seldon. For a few moments he was lost in thought, then he asked the question that pushed forward the psychohistorical revolution that Wanda had begun. He said, â€Å"Yugo, did you have any suspicions about those equations beforehand? Did you have any reason to believe there was something wrong with them?† Amaryl fiddled with the sash of his unisuit and seemed embarrassed. â€Å"Yes, I think I did. You see-â€Å" â€Å"You think you did?† â€Å"I know I did. I seemed to recall when I was setting it up-it's a new section, you know-my fingers seemed to glitch on the programmer. It looked all right then, but I guess I kept worrying about it inside. I remember thinking it looked wrong, but I had other things to do and I just let it go. But then when Wanda happened to point to precisely the area I had been concerned about, I decided to check up on her-otherwise I would just have let it go as a childish statement.† â€Å"And you turned on that very fragment of the equations to show Wanda. As though it were haunting your unconscious mind.† Amaryl shrugged. â€Å"Who knows?† â€Å"And just before that, you were very close together, hugging, both crying.† Amaryl shrugged again, looking even more embarrassed. Seldon said, â€Å"I think I know what happened, Yugo. Wanda read your mind.† Amaryl jumped, as though he had been bitten. â€Å"That's impossible!† Slowly Seldon said, â€Å"I once knew someone who had unusual mental powers of that sort†-and he thought sadly of Eto Demerzel or, as Seldon had secretly known him, Daneel-â€Å"only he was somewhat more than human. But his ability to read minds, to sense other people's thoughts, to persuade people to act in a certain way-that was a mental ability. I think, somehow, that perhaps Wanda has that ability as well.† â€Å"I can't believe it,† said Amaryl stubbornly. â€Å"I can,† said Seldon â€Å"but I don't know what to do about it.† Dimly lie felt the rumblings of a revolution in psychohistorical research-but only dimly.